๐️ Basic Civil Engineering Solved Paper 2022
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B.Tech. I-Semester (Main) Exam - 2022
Subject: Basic Civil Engineering
Code: 1FY3-09 / 1E3109
PART - A (Short Answer Questions)
Q.1 What is the role of Civil Engineers in Transportation Engineering?
Civil engineers plan, design, construct, and maintain transportation systems (highways, railways, airports, ports) ensuring safe, efficient, economic, and sustainable movement of people and goods.
Q.2 Explain relevance of Civil Engineering in the overall infrastructural development of the country.
Civil Engineering provides essential basic infrastructure such as transport networks, water supply systems, sewage disposal, dams, and housing—serving as the fundamental foundation for national economic growth.
Q.3 Write any two characteristics of good scale.
1. It should be clearly marked and easy to read without ambiguity.
2. It should remain dimensionally stable and unaffected by moisture or thermal variations.
2. It should remain dimensionally stable and unaffected by moisture or thermal variations.
Q.4 What do you mean by 'Geodetic Surveying'?
Geodetic Surveying is a high-precision branch of surveying in which the curvature of the Earth's surface is explicitly taken into consideration. It is carried out over large geographic areas (>250 km²).
Q.5 What are the advantages of 'total station'?
- Combines Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and digital theodolite in one unit.
- Provides high precision for distance, elevation, and angle measurements.
- Saves automatic digital data directly for instant CAD software integration.
Q.6 A teacher wants to construct a double storied bungalow on a plot of 15m × 20m. Front margin is 4.5 m. Rear margin is 3m. What will be the total built-up area? Also calculate FSI.
Calculations:
Total Plot Area = 15 m × 20 m = 300 sq.m
Net Permissible Ground Length = Total Length - Front Margin - Rear Margin = 20 - 4.5 - 3 = 12.5 m
Ground Floor Built-up Area = 15 m × 12.5 m = 187.5 sq.m
Total Built-up Area (Double-Storied = Ground + First Floor) = 187.5 × 2 = 375 sq.m
Floor Space Index (FSI):
FSI = Total Built-up Area / Plot Area = 375 / 300 = 1.25
Total Plot Area = 15 m × 20 m = 300 sq.m
Net Permissible Ground Length = Total Length - Front Margin - Rear Margin = 20 - 4.5 - 3 = 12.5 m
Ground Floor Built-up Area = 15 m × 12.5 m = 187.5 sq.m
Total Built-up Area (Double-Storied = Ground + First Floor) = 187.5 × 2 = 375 sq.m
Floor Space Index (FSI):
FSI = Total Built-up Area / Plot Area = 375 / 300 = 1.25
Q.7 What is National Building Code?
The National Building Code (NBC) is a standardized comprehensive guide published by BIS containing structural rules, safety requirements, and administrative guidelines for building construction.
Q.8 What remedial actions should be taken while designing highway to avoid crash?
- Ensure adequate sight distances (Stopping Sight Distance and Overtaking Sight Distance).
- Provide proper camber, superelevation, traffic signage, and clear road markings.
- Design safe horizontal/vertical curves and install crash barriers on sharp turns.
Q.9 What do you mean by 'Ozone Depletion'?
Ozone Depletion refers to the thinning of the protective stratospheric ozone layer caused by chemical pollutants like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), allowing harmful solar UV radiation to reach Earth.
Q.10 What is the necessity of grit chamber in sewage treatment?
A grit chamber slows down sewage flow velocity to settle heavy, non-putrescible inorganic solids (sand, gravel, silt) to prevent mechanical wear and clogging in downstream pumps and equipment.
PART - B (Analytical / Problem Solving)
Q.1 Enlist with brief description, the corrections to be applied to measurements made with steel tape.
1. Correction for Standard Length (Cc): Applied when actual tape length differs from nominal standardized length.
2. Correction for Temperature (Ct): Applied when field temperature differs from standard calibration temperature.
3. Correction for Pull/Tension (Cp): Applied when pull exerted during measurement differs from standard pull.
4. Correction for Sag (Cs): Applied when tape sags in a catenary curve while suspended between supports (always subtractive).
5. Correction for Slope (Cg): Applied when distance measured along sloping ground is reduced to horizontal.
2. Correction for Temperature (Ct): Applied when field temperature differs from standard calibration temperature.
3. Correction for Pull/Tension (Cp): Applied when pull exerted during measurement differs from standard pull.
4. Correction for Sag (Cs): Applied when tape sags in a catenary curve while suspended between supports (always subtractive).
5. Correction for Slope (Cg): Applied when distance measured along sloping ground is reduced to horizontal.
Q.2 Describe the characteristics of contour lines.
- Points on the same contour line have equal ground elevation.
- Closely spaced contours indicate steep slopes; widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes.
- Uniformly spaced parallel contour lines indicate a uniform slope.
- Contour lines never cross or intersect each other except in rare cases like overhanging cliffs.
- Concentric closed contour lines with higher values inside indicate a hill, while lower values inside indicate a depression.
Q.3 What is site plan? Which are the information to be included in a site plan?
A Site Plan is a detailed top-view layout drawing showing the proposed plot boundaries and surrounding features.
Key Information Included:
Key Information Included:
- Plot boundary dimensions and north direction pointer.
- Proposed building outline with setback margins (Front, Rear, Sides).
- Access roads, main entry gates, and adjacent property lines.
- Positions of utilities like water supply lines, drainage connections, and electric poles.
Q.4 Briefly explain the different components of building with neat figure.
A building structure is split into two primary parts:
- Substructure (Foundation): Below ground level; safe transmission of structural loads evenly to soil.
- Superstructure: Above ground level, including:
- Plinth: Keeps ground floor moisture-free.
- Walls & Columns: Support roof loads and enclose space.
- Slabs & Roofs: Provide top cover and floor separation.
- Lintels/Chajjas: Protect doors and window openings from rain/sunlight.
Q.5 Draw any five traffic signs and explain the meaning of each.
1. Stop Sign (Regulatory): Octagonal shape; mandatory instruction to halt vehicles.
2. Give Way (Regulatory): Inverted triangle; instructs drivers to grant priority to main road traffic.
3. Speed Limit (Regulatory): Circular sign; shows maximum permissible speed in km/h.
4. Pedestrian Crossing (Cautionary): Triangular sign; alerts driver to yield to pedestrians.
5. Hospital Sign (Informatory): Rectangular blue board; indicates proximity to medical services.
2. Give Way (Regulatory): Inverted triangle; instructs drivers to grant priority to main road traffic.
3. Speed Limit (Regulatory): Circular sign; shows maximum permissible speed in km/h.
4. Pedestrian Crossing (Cautionary): Triangular sign; alerts driver to yield to pedestrians.
5. Hospital Sign (Informatory): Rectangular blue board; indicates proximity to medical services.
Q.6 Explain different audiological, physiological and psychological effects of noise pollution.
- Audiological Effects: Temporary threshold shift, ringing in ears (tinnitus), or permanent hearing loss due to severe acoustic trauma.
- Physiological Effects: Increased heart rate, high blood pressure, respiratory distress, and sleep cycle disruption.
- Psychological Effects: Irritability, mental fatigue, lack of concentration, stress, and reduced work efficiency.
Q.7 Write short note on 'Sanitary Landfills'.
A Sanitary Landfill is an engineered waste disposal method where municipal solid waste is spread in thin layers, compacted mechanically, and covered daily with a soil layer.
Key Features:
Key Features:
- Impermeable bottom liners (clay/HDPE) to prevent groundwater contamination from leachate.
- Leachate collection and gas extraction pipe networks (methane capture).
- Environmentally safe and controlled waste decomposition.
PART - C (Descriptive & Numerical Solutions)
Q.1 (a) Draw and label the different parts of 'Dumpy Level'.
(b) Define terms: (i) Axis of telescope (ii) Change point (iii) Parallax (iv) Datum (v) Height of instrument.
(b) Define terms: (i) Axis of telescope (ii) Change point (iii) Parallax (iv) Datum (v) Height of instrument.
(a) Main Parts of Dumpy Level: Telescope, Eyepiece, Objective Glass, Bubble Tube, Levelling Head, Foot Screws, and Tripod Base.
(b) Definitions:
(b) Definitions:
- (i) Axis of Telescope: Line joining the optical center of the objective lens to the center of the eyepiece.
- (ii) Change Point (CP): An intermediate station point on which both Fore Sight (FS) and Back Sight (BS) readings are taken during instrument shift.
- (iii) Parallax: Apparent movement of image relative to cross-hairs caused when image formed by objective lens does not lie in reticle plane.
- (iv) Datum: Arbitrary or standard level surface (e.g., Mean Sea Level) from which elevations/heights are measured.
- (v) Height of Instrument (HI): Elevation/RL of the line of sight above assumed datum.
Q.2 Numerical Solution: Traverse Interior Angles Calculation
Given Field Data (Traverse ABCDE):
Calculation of Interior Angles:
Formula: Interior Angle = Back Bearing of Previous Line - Fore Bearing of Next Line
(If value is negative, add 360°; if greater than 360°, subtract 360°)
Sum = 197°30' + 265°15' + 280°30' + 272°15' + 244°30' = 1260°00'
Theoretical check for 5-sided exterior angles sum:
Sum = (2N + 4) × 90° = (2(5) + 4) × 90° = 1260°00' (Hence Checked OK).
| Side | Fore Bearing (FB) | Back Bearing (BB) | Calculated Difference (FB ~ BB) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AB | 107°15' | 287°15' | 180°00' (Free from Local Attraction) |
| BC | 22°00' | 202°00' | 180°00' (Free from Local Attraction) |
| CD | 281°30' | 101°30' | 180°00' (Free from Local Attraction) |
| DE | 189°15' | 9°15' | 180°00' (Free from Local Attraction) |
| EA | 124°45' | 304°45' | 180°00' (Free from Local Attraction) |
Formula: Interior Angle = Back Bearing of Previous Line - Fore Bearing of Next Line
(If value is negative, add 360°; if greater than 360°, subtract 360°)
- Angle A: BB of EA - FB of AB = 304°45' - 107°15' = 197°30'
- Angle B: BB of AB - FB of BC = 287°15' - 22°00' = 265°15'
- Angle C: BB of BC - FB of CD = 202°00' - 281°30' (+ 360°) = 280°30'
- Angle D: BB of CD - FB of DE = 101°30' - 189°15' (+ 360°) = 272°15'
- Angle E: BB of DE - FB of EA = 9°15' - 124°45' (+ 360°) = 244°30'
Sum = 197°30' + 265°15' + 280°30' + 272°15' + 244°30' = 1260°00'
Theoretical check for 5-sided exterior angles sum:
Sum = (2N + 4) × 90° = (2(5) + 4) × 90° = 1260°00' (Hence Checked OK).
Q.3 Differentiate between: (i) Load bearing vs Framed structure (ii) Educational vs Institutional buildings (iii) Sub-structure vs Super-structure.
(i) Load Bearing vs Framed Structure:
(ii) Educational vs Institutional Buildings:
| Load Bearing Structure | Framed Structure |
|---|---|
| Loads transferred directly through load-bearing walls. | Loads transferred through slab, beam, column to foundation. |
| Suitable for low-rise buildings (up to 2-3 floors). | Suitable for multi-storey high-rise buildings. |
- Educational Buildings: Designed for learning, training, and schooling activities (e.g., schools, colleges, libraries).
- Institutional Buildings: Designed for care, medical treatment, civic duty, or detention (e.g., hospitals, orphanages, prisons).
- Sub-structure: Portion of building below ground level (foundations/footings).
- Super-structure: Portion of building constructed above ground level (floors, walls, roof).
Q.4 Discuss in detail the various modes of transport, their characteristics and criteria for choice of a particular mode of transport.
Modes of Transport & Characteristics:
Criteria for Choice: Travel distance, cargo weight/volume, cost of transport, speed requirement, safety, and geographical accessibility.
- Roadways: High flexibility, enables door-to-door service; suitable for short and medium distances.
- Railways: High carrying capacity, economical for heavy goods and bulk long-distance travel.
- Airways: Fastest transport mode; high cost; ideal for high-value cargo and long-distance passenger transit.
- Waterways: Most economical mode for heavy international freight; relatively slower speeds.
Criteria for Choice: Travel distance, cargo weight/volume, cost of transport, speed requirement, safety, and geographical accessibility.
Q.5 (a) How is ecological balance disturbed due to human activities?
(b) Write short note on: (i) Nitrogen cycle (ii) Rain water harvesting.
(b) Write short note on: (i) Nitrogen cycle (ii) Rain water harvesting.
(a) Disturbances to Ecological Balance:
(b) Short Notes:
- Deforestation and habitat destruction leading to biodiversity loss.
- Industrial pollution causing air, water, and soil degradation.
- Overexploitation of natural resources and excessive fossil fuel burning leading to global climate change.
(b) Short Notes:
- (i) Nitrogen Cycle: Biogeochemical cycle converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into usable forms (nitrates/ammonium) through fixation, nitrification, assimilation, and returning it back to atmosphere via denitrification.
- (ii) Rainwater Harvesting: Collection and storage of rainwater from rooftops or surface catchments for direct re-use or groundwater aquifer recharge.