๐️ Basic Civil Engineering Solved Paper 2023
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B.Tech. I-Semester (Main/Back) Exam - 2023
Subject: Basic Civil Engineering (1FY3-09) | Paper Code: 1E3109
PART - A (Short Answer Questions)
Q.1 What is Surveying?
Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions of points on, above, or beneath the surface of the Earth by taking linear and angular measurements.
Q.2 Define Building Byelaws.
Building Byelaws are legal regulations framed by local municipal bodies to control building construction, land development, setback distances, and safety standards for structural safety and public welfare.
Q.3 Discuss the difference between Plinth area and Carpet area.
- Plinth Area: The total built-up covered area of a building measured at the floor level, including wall thickness.
- Carpet Area: The actual usable floor space inside rooms, excluding wall thickness, staircases, and corridors.
Q.4 Enlist any four traffic signs.
1. Stop Sign: Mandatory sign indicating vehicles must stop.
2. Speed Limit: Mandatory sign indicating maximum allowed speed.
3. Pedestrian Crossing: Cautionary sign warning of pedestrian movement.
4. Hospital Ahead: Informatory sign directing towards medical facilities.
2. Speed Limit: Mandatory sign indicating maximum allowed speed.
3. Pedestrian Crossing: Cautionary sign warning of pedestrian movement.
4. Hospital Ahead: Informatory sign directing towards medical facilities.
Q.5 Differentiate Foresight, Back sight and Intermediate sight.
- Back Sight (BS): The first staff reading taken after setting up the levelling instrument at a known benchmark (BM).
- Intermediate Sight (IS): Any staff reading taken between the first (BS) and last reading from the same instrument setup.
- Fore Sight (FS): The final staff reading taken before shifting or changing the position of the levelling instrument.
Q.6 What do you understand by 'Infrastructure' Development?
Infrastructure Development refers to the construction and improvement of essential physical facilities such as roads, railways, water supply systems, power grids, and public utilities needed for economic growth.
Q.7 What is the Flow of energy in the ecosystem?
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. Solar energy is fixed by primary producers (plants) through photosynthesis, then transferred sequentially through herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers, decreasing at each trophic level.
Q.8 Write the name of two instruments used in linear measurements.
1. Metric Chain (20m or 30m length)
2. Measuring Tape (Steel, Fiberglass, or Metallic)
2. Measuring Tape (Steel, Fiberglass, or Metallic)
Q.9 Define latitude and longitude of a line.
- Latitude: The orthographic projection of a survey line on the reference North-South meridian line (Latitude = L cos ฮธ).
- Longitude (Departure): The orthographic projection of a survey line on the reference East-West meridian line (Departure = L sin ฮธ).
Q.10 What do you mean by ecosystem?
An Ecosystem is a structural and functional biological unit consisting of living organisms (biotic components) interacting with each other and their non-living physical environment (abiotic components).
PART - B (Analytical / Problem Solving)
Q.1 What are the fundamental principles of surveying? Explain briefly.
1. To work from whole to part: A system of control points is established with high precision over the entire area first. Minor details are filled in later. This prevents the accumulation of measurement errors.
2. To locate a new station by at least two independent measurements: The position of any point can be determined using reference lines by two linear measurements, two angular measurements, or a combination of both.
2. To locate a new station by at least two independent measurements: The position of any point can be determined using reference lines by two linear measurements, two angular measurements, or a combination of both.
Q.2 Explain "how Orientation affects the ventilation of a building".
Orientation involves positioning a building's axis according to solar movement and prevailing wind directions:
- Placing windows facing the prevailing wind direction improves natural cross-ventilation inside rooms.
- Proper window positioning prevents hot, harsh sunlight from direct entry while allowing gentle breeze flow, reducing internal temperature and cooling energy demand.
Q.3 Enlist any four important chemical characteristics of raw water. Mention the method of analysis and its acceptance value as per water Quality standards of any two of them.
Important Chemical Characteristics: pH value, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Hardness, and Chlorides.
Analysis & Acceptance Limits (BIS Standards):
Analysis & Acceptance Limits (BIS Standards):
| Characteristic | Method of Analysis | Acceptable Limit |
|---|---|---|
| pH Value | pH Meter / Colorimetric Method | 6.5 to 8.5 |
| Total Hardness | EDTA Titration Method | 200 mg/L (as CaCO3) |
Q.4 Calculate plinth area, floor area and carpet area for the plan of a building given below. Wall thickness is 30 cm (0.3 m).
Given Plan Outer Dimensions: Overall Length = 7.6 m, Overall Width = 6.2 m
1. Plinth Area Calculation:
Plinth Area = Outer Length × Outer Width = 7.6 m × 6.2 m = 47.12 sq.m
2. Floor Area Calculation:
Room 1 (3.5 × 3.0 m) = 10.50 sq.m
Room 2 (3.0 × 3.0 m) = 9.00 sq.m
W/C & Bath (3.5 × 2.0 m) = 7.00 sq.m
Verandah (3.0 × 2.0 m) = 6.00 sq.m
Total Floor Area = 10.50 + 9.00 + 7.00 + 6.00 = 32.50 sq.m
3. Carpet Area Calculation:
Carpet area excludes verandahs, corridors, and sanitary areas.
Carpet Area = Area of Room 1 + Area of Room 2 = 10.50 + 9.00 = 19.50 sq.m
1. Plinth Area Calculation:
Plinth Area = Outer Length × Outer Width = 7.6 m × 6.2 m = 47.12 sq.m
2. Floor Area Calculation:
Room 1 (3.5 × 3.0 m) = 10.50 sq.m
Room 2 (3.0 × 3.0 m) = 9.00 sq.m
W/C & Bath (3.5 × 2.0 m) = 7.00 sq.m
Verandah (3.0 × 2.0 m) = 6.00 sq.m
Total Floor Area = 10.50 + 9.00 + 7.00 + 6.00 = 32.50 sq.m
3. Carpet Area Calculation:
Carpet area excludes verandahs, corridors, and sanitary areas.
Carpet Area = Area of Room 1 + Area of Room 2 = 10.50 + 9.00 = 19.50 sq.m
Q.5 Write short note on "Energy recovery from recycling of solid waste".
Energy recovery converts non-recyclable solid waste into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through various processes:
- Incineration (Waste-to-Energy): Burning municipal solid waste at high temperatures to produce steam for electrical generators.
- Anaerobic Digestion (Biogas): Organic waste breakdown by bacteria in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas.
- Pyrolysis & Gasification: Thermal decomposition of waste in low-oxygen conditions to produce syngas and bio-oil.
Q.6 Explain the methods to control noise pollution.
1. Control at Source: Regular lubrication of machinery, using silencers/mufflers on vehicles, and installing soundproof enclosures.
2. Control in Transmission Path: Constructing acoustic barriers, planting green belts (trees) along highways, and using sound-absorbing wall insulation.
3. Protection at Receiver End: Using earplugs/earmuffs for workers in industrial high-noise zones and enforcing silence zones near hospitals and educational institutions.
2. Control in Transmission Path: Constructing acoustic barriers, planting green belts (trees) along highways, and using sound-absorbing wall insulation.
3. Protection at Receiver End: Using earplugs/earmuffs for workers in industrial high-noise zones and enforcing silence zones near hospitals and educational institutions.
Q.7 Write short note on "Transportation Engineering".
Transportation Engineering is a branch of civil engineering focused on the planning, functional design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation facilities.
It spans four major modes:
It spans four major modes:
- Highway Engineering: Geometric design and pavement materials for roadways.
- Railway Engineering: Track alignment, signaling, and station layout.
- Airport & Harbor Engineering: Runways, docks, and terminal management.
PART - C (Descriptive & Numerical Solutions)
Q.1 Explain the steps involved in laying out of building plan on ground.
1. Clearing the Site: Remove vegetation, loose topsoil, and debris from the construction boundary.
2. Establishing Baseline: Fix a reference baseline parallel to the road or adjacent boundary line using wooden pegs.
3. Marking Center Lines: Driven wooden pegs and masonry pillars are built outside the excavation line; centerlines are marked using stretched cords.
4. Checking Right Angles: Use the 3-4-5 rule (Pythagoras theorem) at corners to ensure 90-degree square alignment.
5. Marking Excavation Widths: Lime powder is sprinkled along the cord lines to outline structural foundation trenches.
2. Establishing Baseline: Fix a reference baseline parallel to the road or adjacent boundary line using wooden pegs.
3. Marking Center Lines: Driven wooden pegs and masonry pillars are built outside the excavation line; centerlines are marked using stretched cords.
4. Checking Right Angles: Use the 3-4-5 rule (Pythagoras theorem) at corners to ensure 90-degree square alignment.
5. Marking Excavation Widths: Lime powder is sprinkled along the cord lines to outline structural foundation trenches.
Q.2 Explain with a neat sketch construction of a Prismatic compass.
A Prismatic Compass consists of:
- Magnetic Needle & Ring: A broad magnetic needle fixed with an inverted aluminum graduated ring (0° to 360°, inverted system).
- Prism & Sight Vane: A reflecting glass prism at one end and an object vane with horsehair at the opposite end.
- Pivot & Compass Box: A non-magnetic brass box mounted on a ball-and-socket joint stand.
Q.3 Discuss the components of a residential building with a neat figure.
Residential building components are split into two major sections:
- Substructure: Foundation and footing below ground level designed to transmit total structural loads directly into sub-soil safely.
- Superstructure:
- Plinth: Prevents ground moisture entry into the main building space.
- Walls & Columns: Provide structural support and interior space division.
- Slab / Roof: Protects occupants from weather elements.
- Doors & Windows: Ensure entry access, lighting, and air ventilation.
Q.4 Discuss with neat sketch - (1) Hydrological cycle (2) Carbon cycle
- (1) Hydrological Cycle: The continuous circulation of water from oceans/land into the atmosphere via Evaporation and Transpiration, condensing into clouds, and returning back via Precipitation and Surface Runoff.
- (2) Carbon Cycle: Biological and geochemical exchange of carbon. Plants absorb CO2 during Photosynthesis to build organic compounds. Animals consume plants, releasing CO2 back through Respiration and organic Decomposition. Industrial burning of fossil fuels also releases carbon.
Q.5 Numerical Solution: Interior Angles of Traverse
Given Fore Bearings (FB) of Traverse Line (Anti-Clockwise Direction):
Formula for Interior Angle:
Interior Angle = Back Bearing of Previous Line - Fore Bearing of Next Line
(Note: If result is negative, add 360°; if greater than 360°, subtract 360°)
For a 5-sided polygon (N=5):
Sum of Interior Angles = (2N - 4) × 90° = (2(5) - 4) × 90° = 540°00'
Sum of Exterior Angles = (2N + 4) × 90° = (2(5) + 4) × 90° = 1260°00'
Sum of calculated angles = 197°30' + 265°15' + 243°30' + 309°15' + 244°30' = 1260°00' (Hence Checked OK).
| Line | Fore Bearing (FB) | Calculated Back Bearing (BB = FB ± 180°) |
|---|---|---|
| AB | 105°15' | 105°15' + 180° = 285°15' |
| BC | 20°00' | 20°00' + 180° = 200°00' |
| CD | 316°30' | 316°30' - 180° = 136°30' |
| DE | 187°15' | 187°15' - 180° = 7°15' |
| EA | 122°45' | 122°45' + 180° = 302°45' |
Interior Angle = Back Bearing of Previous Line - Fore Bearing of Next Line
(Note: If result is negative, add 360°; if greater than 360°, subtract 360°)
- Angle A: BB of EA - FB of AB = 302°45' - 105°15' = 197°30'
- Angle B: BB of AB - FB of BC = 285°15' - 20°00' = 265°15'
- Angle C: BB of BC - FB of CD = 200°00' - 316°30' (+ 360°) = 243°30'
- Angle D: BB of CD - FB of DE = 136°30' - 187°15' (+ 360°) = 309°15'
- Angle E: BB of DE - FB of EA = 7°15' - 122°45' (+ 360°) = 244°30'
For a 5-sided polygon (N=5):
Sum of Interior Angles = (2N - 4) × 90° = (2(5) - 4) × 90° = 540°00'
Sum of Exterior Angles = (2N + 4) × 90° = (2(5) + 4) × 90° = 1260°00'
Sum of calculated angles = 197°30' + 265°15' + 243°30' + 309°15' + 244°30' = 1260°00' (Hence Checked OK).